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Inside this CD are materials focused on three countries and a whole world of ideas.

With its easy-to-use but adventurous navigation, the disk offers a journey through the knowledge and experiences of others.

As you might expect with a subject like Participatory Ways of Working, it also draws you in, wanting you to participate too.

* What's inside?

It's all here! When you are at your desk, whether you are just about to have discussions with colleagues, or planning a meeting in a village, it will offer voices you can turn to for advice.

If a situation looks complicated, a simple answer may lie a click on an icon away. There are guides to the tools you can use to deal with other people, and all of them are fascinating.

They will get the best for you, your organisation, and those it serves. You may well think of new techniques which in time will earn their place on this CD.

* Can I learn something?

It is both entertaining and serious.

There are exercises that will test you knowledge, so enjoy a break from work by testing both your computer skills and your mind.

When it's important to know your country's laws, they are all here at the click of the mouse.

* Is it good for me?

This CD is finding its way onto the computers of people at all levels, in countries it would take days to fly between.

Ultimately though, its aim is to improve relations between you and those who live in and around the forests you manage, to create a friendly, helpful, useful and more prosperous life for everyone. Hope you enjoy using it.

* How to use it?

Before starting your interactive experience, click here to go to the User Guide: you will find tips and tricks to easily get what you want out of this CD!

Organizational change for participatory management

PART 1. INTRODUCTION TO PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT

Overview

The history of participatory management of forests

The nature of participatory management of forests

Participatory processes

Learning to be effective, efficient and to expand

Stage 1. Learning to be effective

Stage 2. Learning to be efficient

Stage 3. Learning to expand

Institutional arrangements for participatory management of forests

The future for the participatory management of forests

General trends in forest management

Key challenges for the participatory management of forests

PART 2: ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE FOR THE PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS

Overview

Learning organizations

Participatory managers

Teamwork

Participatory programme planning

Broader horizons and partnerships for PFM

Self-analysis exercise

Organizational analysis exercise

Strategies for change

Gradual change in your office

Workshops for change

Institutional reform programmes

Resistance to change

Understanding why resistance occurs

Ways of addressing resistance

References

Acronyms

List of boxes

Box 1: Convincing people to participate in woodlot establishment

Box 2: Efforts of the district forest officer at Noradehi, Madhya Pradesh, India

Box 3: Views of some forest officers on learning processes - Ghana

Box 4: Examples of different types of PFM

Box 5: The forester as agent of change

Box 6: The efforts of a young DFO are not appreciated

Box 7: A new culture in the Forest Department - Madhya Pradesh

Box 8: How to empower staff

Box 9: Advantages and disadvantages of empowering

Box 10: Teamwork to control illegal logging in southern Ghana

Box 11: A logical framework matrix

Box 12: Example of organizational analysis

Box 13: Successful DFOs - Madhya Pradesh, India

Box 14: Three views on staff resistance to change in the corporate world

Box 15: Example of resistance at an aid agency

Box 16: Examples of problems and their solutions

Engaging and working with external stakeholders to improve forest management

Introduction

Overview

Stage 1 - Starting the process

Entering the community

When to schedule meetings and activities

How to hold meetings

Activity: good and bad meetings

How to build rapport

How to create an effective planning team

Gender considerations

Checklist for gender-sensitive forestry planning

Team building

Stage 2 - Joint investigation

Location, ownership and boundaries of the forest

Condition of the forest and its underlying causes

Forest uses, livelihood strategies and access

Local institutions and power relations as related to the forest

Key forestry concerns and solutions

Stage 3 - Planning and negotiation

Reaching agreement on the future management of the forest

Revenue sharing

Agreeing on a local organization to oversee plan implementation

Defining the indicators of success

Preparing a draft forest management plan

Annual activity plan

Stage 4 - Implementation

Technical advice

Skills development

Organizational development

Conflict management

Monitoring

Who should monitor?

How should information be recorded?

Annual review

Assessment of what has been achieved

Documenting decisions

Re-planning

Renegotiating the agreement

What should be changed in the monitoring system?

Using photographs

References

Table 1 Interaction of forest users and forestry staff

List of Boxes

Box 1. Criteria for site selection

Box 2. A visiting card: a meeting with local leaders

Box 3: How to schedule activities

Box 4. How to plan and organize a meeting

Box 5. How to build rapport

Box 6. Some common forest uses and livelihood roles

Box 7. Problem analysis

Box 8. Examination of a problem caused by restrictions

Methods and tools to facilitate participatory events and processes.

Action plans

Activity cards

Analysis of capacity of local organizations

Area/ District base map

Checklist for gender-sensitive forestry planning

Daily schedule

Forest use cards

Four levels of mapping

Gender cards

Guided questions

H-diagrams

Material from the PowerPoint presentation for mentors

Photos of H diagrams

Steps

Opinion mapping

Steps

Pairwise ranking

Participatory mapping

Material from the PowerPoint presentation for mentors

Photos of participatory maps

Lessons

Pie charts

Seasonal calendar

Status cards

Timelines

Material from the Powerpoint presentation for mentors

Photos of timelines

Steps

Tips on facilitating participatory mapping

Topic/ issue mapping

Transect walk/ forest walk

Using mapping with other tools

Venn diagrams

Material from the PowerPoint presentation for mentors

Photos of Venn diagrams

Steps

Village forest area map

Village social map

Wealth Ranking

Whole forest map

Annexes

Presentation: Introduction Participatory Approaches

Presentation: Obstacles to participation - handling the ones you can

Boxes

Box 2: Potential stakeholders in PFM

Box 3: Some common forest uses

Box 4: Sample forest use cards

Box 5: Four-part matrix for a transect walk - Tanzania

Box 6: Matrix for a status card

Acronyms

Topics

User's Tip: Once you click on a selected topic, you will be redirected to the specific page of section it belogs to.

To come back to the list of topics you can either:

* Click on the BACK arrow of your browser; or

* Click on the TOPICS button on the top menu; or

* Click on the TOPIC icon on the left menu.

Action learning

Action plans

Budgetting

Chainsaw lumber

Conflict management

Corruption

Dealing with the media

Empowering staff

Forest management - trends

Glossary

Human resource management

Identifying a site for PFM - criteria

Implementation arrangements for PFM - characteristics of successful arrangements

Indicators

Indicators of successful forest management

Indicators - adjustments may be necessary

Institutional reform programmes

Key challenges for PFM

Learning organisations - key elements

Logical framework

Management Plans

Management Plans

Management Plan - what it should contain

Managers - what successful managers do

Management style/attitudes

Making immediate changes

Self analysis exercise

Marketing of tree and forest products

Meetings

How to hold

Reflecting on experience

When to hold

Monitoring

Objective - of this guide

Objectives of forest management - reaching agreement with users

Organisations

Local ones for implementing management plans

Development of local ones for forest management

Organisational change for PFM - analysis exercise

Organisational change for PFM - workshops for change

Participatory forestry

Participatory approaches - fundamental characteristics

Participatory forest management - its nature

Participatory forest management - key challenges

Participatory mapping

Planning team

Creating it

Gender considerations

Team building

Poverty reduction

Power point material for mentors

H diagrams

Introduction to participatory approaches

Obstacles to participation, handling the ones you can

Participatory mapping

Timelines

Venn diagrams

Rapport

Entry point activities

How to build it

Resistance to change

Types

Understanding why it occurs

Ways to address it

Revenue Collection - improving it

Role of forestry staff - during implementation of plans

TACIRIE

Teamwork

Tools

Activity cards

Analysis of capacity of local organisations

Area/ District Base Map

Daily schedule

Forest use cards

Gender cards

Guided questions

H diagrams

Opinion mapping

Pairwise ranking

Participatory mapping

Pie charts

Seasonal calendar

Stakeholder analysis using Venn diagrams

Status cards

Timelines

Tips on facilitating participatory mapping

Topic/ issue mapping

Transect walk/ forest walk

Venn diagrams

Village forest map

Village social map

Wealth ranking

Whole forest map

Tutorials

Why has this guide been written?

Enhance and test your understanding about the material in the guide by working through tutorials.

Select a tutorial by clicking on the tutorial links below.

Tutorial 1- a general test

Tutorial 2- a test re "Out of the Office"

For information and tests on selected topics:

Tutorial 3- Forestry and poverty reduction

Tutorial 4- Marketing of tree and forest products

Tutorial 5- Chainsaw lumber

Tutorial 6- Some human resource issues

Laws and Regulations

Act 547/1997 - Timber Resource Management Act

L.I. 1649/1998 - Timber Resources Management Regulations

Act 571/1999 - Forestry Commission Act

Act 583/2000 - Forest Plantation Development Fund Act

Act 623/2002 - Forest Plantation Development Fund (AMENDMENT) Act

Act 624/2002 - Forest Protection (AMENDMENT) Act

Natural Resource Management Programme

Documents

Forest and wildlife Policy, 1994

Community Resource Management Policy

Community Forest Management Committees (CFMC): Operational Guidelines

Guidelines for Operating Forestry Forums

Social Responsibility Agreement Negotiations

Guidelines on Community Boundary Maintenance Contracts in Forest Reserves

Socio-economic Survey Guidelines

Processes

Proposals for Improvement of Disbursement of Funds (Benefits) to Forest Fringe Communities and Landowners

Budgeting - A participatory process towards performance improvement

Chainsawing ways forward process

Some uses of:

Action Plans

Age and Gender Trackers

H-diagrams

Participatory mapping

Pair wise ranking

Pie charts

Seasonal calendars

Timelines

Venn diagrams

Annual Plan of Operation Guidelines for conservation and reserve concessions

The Annual Plan of Operations is a short document that sets out the main and detailed activities to be undertaken by the license holder in the forthcoming calendar year (January to December). It contains a review of the previous year's operations to put the current year's plan in context. The following outline, which is drawn from the Code of Practice for Timber Harvesting and Conservation International Management Plan 2002-2006, can be used to help guide the preparation of such plans.

Annual Plan of Operation Guidelines for timber harvesting

The Annual Plan of Operations is a short document that sets out the main and detailed activities to be undertaken by the licence holder in the forthcoming calendar year (January to December). It contains a review of the previous year's operations to put the current year's plan in context. The following outline, which is drawn from the Code of Practice for Timber Harvesting can be used to help guide the preparation of such plans.

Pre-harvest Inventory Procedure

Pre-harvest inventories (also called stock surveys) are surveys conducted in areas about to be harvested for timber. Their aim is to provide information that facilitates the planning and control of an efficient harvesting operation (within the bounds of relevant legal restrictions and recommended operating practices).

This manual provides the current GFC procedure for conducting pre-harvest inventory.

Overview of the forest sector

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1.1 Forest and tree resources in Uganda

1.1.1 Area, distribution and biomass of forest resources

There are 4.9 million hectares of natural forests and woodlands in Uganda, which cover 24% of the land area (see Figure 1.1). The majority of this forest area (81%) is woodland, 19% is tropical high forest and less than 1% is forest plantations. The distribution of these resources varies greatly by region, the northern region dominated by woodland, the majority of the tropical high forest in the western region (see Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.1 Land cover in Uganda

Figure 1.2 Forest areas by region

Although the area of tropical high forest is small (5% of Uganda's land area, Figure 1.1), it produces significant resources and is highly productive: it holds 35% of the country's total biomass resource and produces a net growth of 15 tonnes of wood on each hectare every year (Table 1.1). The plantation resource is currently very small (0.2%) but also very productive (16 tonnes/ha/year), with great potential for expansion in area and yields.

Figure 1.3 Biomass in Uganda

In addition to the 4.9 million hectares of natural forests and woodlands, there are also substantial forest resources on-farm. Over 40% of the land is put to subsistence agriculture (Table 1.1), and this holds 24% of national biomass in the form of scattered trees, forest patches and agroforestry crops included within farming systems. There is thus almost as much forest biomass on-farm as in the country's natural woodlands.

Together with the existing natural forests on private land and in government reserves, these on-farm forest resources are a major focus of the NFP, with particular reference to decentralisation and the development of farmer-driven advisory services and agroforestry.

Table 1.1 - Area, biomass and growth of forest resources in Uganda

1.1.2 Ownership of forest resources

In terms of land ownership, the majority (70%) of the forest area is on private land. The remainder is held in trust by government for the citizens of Uganda, 15% in Central Forest Reserves managed by the Forestry Department and 15% in National Parks and Wildlife Reserves managed by UWA. The districts manage a small area (5000 ha) of Local Forest Reserves (Figure 1.4).

The vast majority of private forest is woodland. The total area of tropical high forest is 924,000 hectares, containing valuable hardwoods and other important forest products, and this resource is about equally distributed between private owners, UWA and FD (Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2).

Figure 1.4 Forest ownership

Table 1.2 - Area (ha) of forest and woodland under different categories of ownership and management

1.1.3 Trends in production and use of forest and tree resources

Drastic changes in the forest cover have taken place in Uganda during the past century. FAO estimated the forest cover to have been as much as 10.8 million ha in 1890, or 52% of Uganda's surface area2. This has now shrunk to only 5 million ha, or 24% of the land surface area. FAO (2000) estimated the deforestation rate in Uganda to be 55,000 ha per year based on the change in the amount of bushland and woodlands from 1990 to 1995. Other official estimates of the rate of land clearance range from 70,000 to 200,000 ha (MFPED, 1994). These figures imply deforestation rates of between 0.9% and 3.15%.

Figure 1.5 Wood balance: increasing demand and decreasing supply of forest products.

Supply and demand

The combined effects of deforestation and high consumption result in an accelerating imbalance between national demand and supply of forest products (Figure 1.5). This figure shows the projected increase in demand for forest products and the growing shortfall in supply (based on current investment levels) under two different scenarios - the higher (MFPED) and lower (FAO) rates of deforestation3. Even under the more optimistic scenario, Uganda moved into net national fuelwood deficit in the year 2000.

Forest degradation and clearance

Tropical High Forests are particularly important as they provide disproportionately high values of forest products, environmental services and biodiversity. The quality of the Tropical High Forest has declined over time. The recent study by MUIENR4 indicates that the overall biodiversity of the country is declining. This is supported by recent censuses in a range of western forest reserves that show a loss of primate and other mammal biodiversity due to forest fragmentation5. Well over 30% of the THF is now degraded, with private forests shrinking more rapidly than forests managed by the government.

A number of factors have been identified as major causes of forest degradation and loss of forest cover over the century. The major factors are conversion of forest into agricultural and grazing land, and over-harvesting for firewood, charcoal, timber and non-wood forest products. The population of Uganda has been increasing at a rate of 2.9 %. Many practise extensive agriculture, which creates the need for more agricultural land. Combined with the strong dependence of the rural population on forest products for incomes and quality of life, and the absence of effective systems of regulation, this creates pressures for unsustainable harvesting from natural forests.

Market, institutional and policy failures

Although Uganda has only recently moved into a national fuelwood deficit (Figure 1.5), the distribution of scarcity is very uneven. In some districts there is an acute shortage, and this has stimulated a market response. Deforestation causes increased fuelwood costs, both in terms of money and time spent in collection. When wood becomes scarce, prices typically increase and this can trigger more investments in tree growing. Wood supply can thus to a large extent be ensured by allowing markets to develop for wood from plantations and trees on-farm.

However, markets typically fail to respond to loss of environmental values. Deforestation also causes reduced supply of non-wood products, reduced environmental services such as watershed protection and soil protection, and reduced biodiversity. Market mechanisms are unlikely to save natural forests and the important social and environmental services they provide. Clearance of forest for agricultural development is currently more profitable than sustainable forest management, for a number of reasons. One is market failure. Negative externalities are not 'internalised' in market prices (e.g., the costs of soil loss downstream are not included in the price of forest products and land cleared upstream). There is no market for environmental and other 'open-access' public goods (e.g. no one pays for water flowing from forests). And there are market imperfections (e.g. forest owners are not aware of the price of forest products in the market and undervalue their assets).

There are also some key institutional and policy failures in developing sustainable forest management in Uganda. There is little effective regulation by the managing government agencies (e.g. the Forestry Department is unable to fulfil its mandate to protect and manage forest reserves. There are few effective local management regimes (e.g. current systems of forest management have failed to regulate community use of "open access" resources). And there has been a failure to intervene to close the gap between private and social returns (e.g. private actions are still too far removed from socially desirable actions, which means that individual benefits from forest clearance still outweigh the wider social losses.

The NFP has a range of strategies explicitly aimed at addressing these issues and constraints. These will meet policy objectives of achieving sustainable forest management by enabling the private sector to flourish and by improving the effectiveness of key institutions.

1 Disputed figure, earlier FD records (1974) indicate a maximum of 150,000 ha

2 Biodiversity Status Report (2000), Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources.

3 For details see Forest Sector Review (2001), UFSCS

4 Biodiversity Status Report (2000), Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources

5 Plumptre et al (1999) Chimpanzee and other large mammals survey of Bugoma forest reserves and Kagombe Matiri forest reserve complex & Plumptre et al (2000) Chimpanzee and large mammal survey of Budongo forest reserve and Kibale National Park

The articles is from the National Forestry Plan 2002

Participatory Forest Management in Madhya Pradesh, India

Author: Rabindra K. Singh

This study complements other modules of the Participatory Package published by the Community Forestry Unit of FAO, which has been developed as training tool primarily for middle-level managers managing natural resources.

The purpose of the study has been to understand the implementation of joint forestry management (JFM) in Madhya Pradesh, a province of India, and to obtain views of foresters and other stakeholders on various aspects of implementation of JFM.

Middle and senior state forest managers in Scotland in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries

Author: Andrew S. Inglis

This case study looks at the way state forests have been and are being managed in Scotland and describes the recent pressures and the changes that state forest managers are experiencing at the local field (middle) and national (senior) levels. It examines the implications of these pressures and changes, the responses to them by state forest managers at both these levels and discusses how things could be taken forward positively in the future.

Community Forestry in Nepal

An excellent video about community forestry made by the Government of Nepal.

" Click here to watch the video

Requirements: to watch the video you need to have a Media Player installed on your computer (e.g. Windows Media Player, WinDVD, etc.);

User instructions: the file will take a few seconds to open after clicking on the link. If a dialog window pops up, click "OPEN" to play the video; the film starts about 40 seconds after you open the file (this varies depending on your workstation).

Non-wood forest products in South Africa

A very interesting presentation on a non-wood forest products initiative in South Africa.

" Click here to open the presentation (PowerPoint)

User tip: once you click on the link, you will be asked if you want to OPEN or SAVE the presentation. With the first option, the presentation will open in a new browser window. If you choose SAVE instead, you will save a copy of the original presentation on your hard disk and it will be possible for you to open it directly with PowerPoint.

Stories about participatory forest management

Some stories about Ghana and Uganda.

Adobe Acrobat reader

Choose one of the links below (according to your Operating System) to install Version 7.0 of Adobe Acrobar Reader on your workstation.

Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows 2000 SP1 Windows 2000 SP2 Windows NT Windows XP

Note: this is a free software and you do not require any key to install it. The software can be downloaded for free at http://www.adobe.com

Question Tools EditorSuite 3.0.8

This is a free trial version of the software available at http://www.questiontools.com/

The software has been used to develop the tests available in the TUTORIALS section of this CD. By clicking on the link below, you will launch an executable file which will install the question tool on your own workstation.

Launch Question Tools EditorSuite 3.0.8 installer

Once you are prompted the first dialog window, click install to begin the procedure; choose download if you want to save a local copy of the .EXE file on your hard disk before installing it (recommended if you have a very slow CD player); click exit to quit the installation procedure.

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